Marking and Assessment

Question: Spread the task necessity and utilize the informative supplement gave inside the task paper to do likewise. Section A: Mitigating CircumstancesIf there are any extraordinary conditions that may have influenced your capacity to embrace or present this task, reach the Advice Center on your grounds preceding your accommodation deadline.Fit to sit strategy: The University works a fit to sit strategy whereby you, in submitting or introducing yourself for an appraisal, are proclaiming that you are fit to sit the evaluation. You can't therefore guarantee that your exhibition in this appraisal was influenced by mitigating factors. Copyright infringement and Unfair Practice Declaration: By presenting this evaluation, you announce that it is your own work and that the wellsprings of data and material you have utilized (counting the web) have been completely recognized and appropriately recognized as required . Furthermore, the work introduced has not been submitted for some other appraisal. You additionally comprehend that the Faculty maintains whatever authority is needed to examine charges of literary theft or out of line practice which, whenever demonstrated, could bring about a bomb in this appraisal and may influence your progress.You are required to recognize that you have perused the above articulations by composing your understudy number (s) in the container: Part B: Marking and Assessment The organization ought to be a counterfeit organization from one of the accompanying divisions:- Oil or compound creation Construction ManufacturingFor those lacking mechanical experience, youtube gives various industrial facility visit type recordings that give a diagram of the hardware and procedures utilized that could frame the premise of your false organization. Undertaking 1: Literature Review and Research: I. Audit your picked contextual analysis organization, concerning the subtleties of the organization handled, their exercises corresponding to HS and their present Health and Safety Policy Statement/Management Systemii. Survey the prerequisites of OHSAS 18001 and related enactment which influences your picked companyiii. Survey potential strategies for undertaking Initial Status Reviews Errand 2: Using a strategy of your decision embrace an Initial Status Assignment 3: Evaluate the current organization Health and Safety Policy Statement, making and talking about suggestions for change. Assignment 4: Based on your ISR results, diagram a task plan for the organization to deliver confirmation to OHSAS1 18001.Task 5: Critically reflect and assess the utilization of introductory status surveys, inside the structure of building up a wellbeing and security the executives framework. Errand 6: Produce a nitty gritty report covering the abovementioned. Answer Presentation Koza (2012) remarked on the way that the wellbeing and security arrangements inside an association are basic to guarantee the wellbeing of the workers. It is seen statically that the better will be these approaches, the more the workers will be sheltered in the association. Inside the assembling association wellbeing and security measures are fundamental at each progression to guarantee whether all the apparatuses are functioning admirably and the representatives are keeping up cleanliness factors inside it (Simons, Leroy and Savage, 2011). As indicated by the assessment of Kuo (2013) the wellbeing and security measures gives data, preparing and guidance to the workers in regards to completing undertakings without confronting any danger. It very well may be said that the word related wellbeing and security measures are taken to keep the workers from confronting modern dangers. Writing Review and Research a) Health and Safety Statement and the board arrangement of Occupants Manufacturing As indicated by the assessment of Landesman (2012) Occupants Manufacturing is absolutely a moral based organization that manages the assembling of prepares that is utilized by the few development organizations. The administration arrangement of Occupants Manufacturing is sufficiently severe and it adheres to the modern wellbeing and security articulations to the most extreme degree (Gordon, Mendenhall and O'Connor, 2013). The objectives of this association are to furnish the laborers with a sheltered situation just as in giving individual types of gear that will help in shielding the workers to the most extreme degree. Perry (2013) remarked on the basic actuality that legitimate trainings are likewise given to the workers to ensure their own protected watchmen. The current wellbeing estimations consider an appropriate dressing while at the same time producing the steel. As referenced by Rainer (2013) wellbeing goggles, flame resistant dresses alongside gloves and ear plugs are should be given to the representatives so as to defend them from mechanical mishaps. Additionally, the apparatuses are oiled and as often as possible checked with respect to their tasks and furthermore are kept up an ideal opportunity to time. What's more, Reveley (2011) additionally remarked that before offering work to the laborers, at first the businesses needed to experience clinical tests for visual impairment, asthma, hear ailments and so on that are related with assembling division. This is on the grounds that; these infections if present can't be representatives in the assembling segment as it will abuse the Health and Safety measures. Simons, Leroy and Savage (2011) additionally remarked that inside the association, various culture wins, so it is the duty of the supervisory crew to stayed conformed to the principles and guidelines of the association. Intermittent audi ts of the working society of the association are additionally done to guarantee the wellbeing inside the work environment. b) Requirements of OHSAS 18001 alongside related enactment Badri, Gbodossou and Nadeau (2012) assumed that so as to build up the OHSAS 18001 and related enactment inside the organization different prerequisites required. Following table exhibits the key prerequisites for building up an OHSAS 18001and related enactment for the Occupants Manufacturing Prerequisites Depiction General Requirements For building up the OHSAS 18001 need to build up the word related wellbeing and security the board framework. Aside from that, the administration of the Occupants Manufacturing needs to actualize the word related wellbeing and security the board framework (Gordon, Mendenhall and O'Connor, 2013). In addition, the organization needs to keep up the word related wellbeing and security the executives framework and furthermore improve the word related wellbeing and wellbeing the board framework (Chalupka, 2012). Strategy Requirements For building up the OHSAS 18001 inside the business procedure of Occupants Manufacturing, association needs to characterize the wellbeing and security strategy with appropriate documentation and execute the whole arrangement inside their authoritative procedure (Devkota and Buerck, 2012). Arranging Requirements For arranging of the operational procedure, association need to recognize the OHSAS 18001 dangers just as survey the hazard. Aside from that, need to build up the system of analyzing and evaluating the hazard (Donnelly, 2012). Additionally, Occupants Manufacturing need to build up the procedure just as technique for distinguishing the legitimate and non-lawful necessities of OHSAS 18001for the utilization of operational procedure (Simons, Leroy and Savage, 2011). Execution Requirement For execution, need to approach to the top administration for proper OHSAS 18001 and its related lawful necessity (Fisenne, 2012). Checking Requirements Observing and controlling is the key parts of satisfying measures of operational procedure for any association. In this manner, Occupants Manufacturing needs to build up the checking methodology just as estimation alternatives (Friedman, Savage and Goes, 2012). Audit Requirements So as to execute the OHSAS 18001, need to survey through analyzing the sources of info and yields (Gordon, Mendenhall and O'Connor, 2013). c) Possible techniques for undertaking Initial Status Review (ISR) Gordon, Mendenhall and O'Connor (2013) contended that underlying status audit is the first and most significant stage for the executives framework. Through the underlying status audit, the board of the Occupants Manufacturing can comprehend the whole activity regarding impacting the choice degree (Simons, Leroy and Savage, 2011). It is additionally serve the assembling gauge for the word related administration execution inside the business procedure of Occupants Manufacturing In request to embrace the Initial Status Review (ISR) philosophy of wellbeing and security execution is required off all the members (Hall, 2012). Aside from that, the gauge of the engineering viewing future execution just as principles additionally must be estimated by the accompanying (Kotlas, 2011). The specialist of the tenants organization needs to utilize the ADAS model and intend to assess the general effects. Security Policy is a fitting technique for undertaking the Initial Status Review that expresses the terms of the board way to deal with wellbeing and wellbeing. Need to keep up the technique for conveying and actualizing at all the levels for association (Gordon, Mendenhall and O'Connor, 2013). Strategies: During the regular work at Occupants Manufacturing, the association is continually attempting to lessen mishaps just as dangers in the work environment. Under such conditions, upgrade of wellbeing and wellbeing components notwithstanding the board framework is a crucial viewpoint (Sullivan, 2012). Be that as it may, it is basic to be familiar with what the primer wellbeing and wellbeing status of the association is before going for OHSA1 18001. In this segment of the examination, the wellbeing and wellbeing exercises of Occupants Manufacturing is surveyed with thinking about a few parts of security just as wellbeing (Simons, Leroy and Savage, 2011). The survey is done through squeezing the check mark for all the inquiries under 16 different angles. For every one of these inquiries, there are three choices, for example, Yes, No and Partly. Answer to each address as 'Yes' is doled out to 1 imprint. So also, 1/2 point will be relegated for 'Somewhat' and 0 poi

Optimization Of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Biology Essay Essay Example

Improvement Of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Biology Essay Improvement using reaction surface methodological investigation for the extractions of phenoplasts from Citrus hystrix foliage was done by supercritical liquid extraction. The impacts of CO2 rate, extraction power per unit territory and extraction temperature on yield, whole phenolic substance and Diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl-IC50 were assessed and contrasted and ethanol extraction. Ethanol mixtures and ideal SFE conditions were examined with HPLC. Among the three factors considered, extraction power per unit zone had the most significant impact on the yield, TPC and DPPH-IC50 of the implantations, trailed by CO2 rate and extraction temperature. The ideal states of power per unit territory, CO2 rate and temperature were at 267 bars, 18 g/min and 50oC, severally. The yield, TPC and DPPH-IC50 got were 5.06 % , 116.53 milligram GAE/g imbuement and IC50 of 0.063 mg/ml, severally. These qualities were modestly close to their contrary number of anticipated ( p gt ; 0.05 ) . Better concealment a nd TPC were acquired using SFE technique though higher yield and phenolic acids were seen with ethanol extraction. We will compose a custom article test on Optimization Of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Biology Essay explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Optimization Of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Biology Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Optimization Of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Biology Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The frightening life way and less adjusted supplement utilization all around somewhat because of high groupings of free lipid gatherings, both in supplement ( in vitro ) and in vivo after supplement utilization has given to the interest to take a gander at cancer prevention agents as an utilitarian fixing in supplement. Man-made cancer prevention agents, for example, butylated hydroxytoluene ( BHT ) , butylated hydroxyanisole ( BHA ) , tertiary-butyl hydro-quanone ( TBHQ ) and propyl gallate ( PG ) , are traditional supplement cell reinforcements. Because of security issues, buyer concerns and expanding regulative assessment ( Jamilah et al. , 2009 ; Shahidi. , 1997 ) refering man-made cell reinforcements, the chance of characteristic cancer prevention agents as alternatives is strongly looked into. The foliages of Citrus hystrix, referred to locally as, Limau purut, is utilized in numerous Malayan and South-East Asiatic part neighborhood dishes and medicative readyings. C.hystrix as a potential fresh start of normal cell reinforcement was accounted for by Jamilah et Al. ( 1998 ) , Ching and Mohamed ( 2001 ) , Jaswir et Al. ( 2004 ) , Idris et Al. ( 2008 ) , Chan et Al. ( 2009 ) and Butryee et Al. ( 2009 ) . All implantations were extricated using the traditional dissolvers, for example, ethyl liquor, methyl liquor, propanone and H2O. To deliver imbuements of high phenolic substance and wealthy in cancer prevention agents from C. hystrix foliages, requires high extraction productivity affected by variables, for example, particle size, extraction strategies, dissolvable sort, dissolvable focus, dissolvable to-strong proportion, extraction temperature, power per unit region and clasp ( Banik et al, 2007 ; Lang et al. , 2001 ; Pinelo et al. , 2005 ; Silva et al. , 2007 ) . Steam distillment and natural dissolver extraction using invasion, maceration and Soxhlet methods are traditionally utilized for the extraction of bioactive mixes from works beginnings. They are non effective and affordable and this can be overwhelmed by using the supercritical C dioxide ( SC-CO2 ) method ( Bimakr et al. , 2009 ) . Carbon dioxide ( basic temperature, power per unit zone and thickness ~ 31.18 oC, 72.0 cantina ; 0.47 gcm-3, severally ) is sheltered, buildup free, non-combustible, in costly and earth neighborly ( Pyo and Oo, 2007 ) . The streamlining of supercritical liquids for the extraction of characteristic cancer prevention agents and phenolic mixes from the foliages of C.hystrix has non been accounted for. Consequently, this study was completed with the point of upgrading the extraction of the cell reinforcement and phenolic acids from the foliages of C. hystrix using supercritical C dioxide ( SC-CO2 ) liquid extraction by evolving and additionally fixing realized factors related with the extraction procedures. 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Reagents utilized Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent ( FCR ) and 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl ( DPPH ) were bought from Sigma ( St Louis MO USA ) . Carbone dioxide, ( virtue 99.99 % ) , fusing in a Carbone dioxide plunge tubing chamber, was bought from Malayan Oxygen ( MOX ) , Malaysia. Outright ethyl liquor ( 99.4 % , logical class ) , the qualifier for SC-CO2 method, acetonitrile and methyl liquor ( HPLC class ) as the traveling stage for HPLC and phenolic acids rules ( vanillic corrosive, syringic corrosive, p-coumaric corrosive, M-cumeric, trans cinnamic corrosive, benzoic corrosive, Gallic corrosive and sinapic corrosive ) were bought from Fisher Scientific Chemical ( Loughborough, England ) . Every other substance utilized were either explanatory or HPLC class. 2.2 Preparation of Sample The foliages of C. hystrix were acquired from Pasar Borong, an entire deal showcase at Puchong, Selangor, Malaysia. After coming to at the exploration lab, foliages were arranged, washed under running tap H2O, stove dried at 40AÂ °C for 24h and put away at surrounding temperature off from the obvious radiation. The dried foliages were land only before extraction in a liquidizer ( MX-335, Panasonic, Malaysia ) for 10s to deliver a pummeling with an approximative molecule size of 0.5mm ( Bimak et al. , 2009 ) . 2.3 Solvent Extraction The phenolic mixes in the C. hystrix leaves powder were extricated fitting to Jamilah et Al. ( 1998 ) with little adjustments. The main measure included absorbing the pummeling 95 % ethyl liquor for 24h at 50oC at an ethyl liquor to flick proportion of 10:1 ( v/w ) . The oil implantation was so separated and assembled by disintegrating at 40oC in the revolving evaporator ( Eyela, A-1000S, Japan ) .When the ethyl liquor was vanished off the concentrated imbuement was moved into earthy colored glass bottles, flushed with N and kept at 25oC until utilization. The extraction was completed in triplicate 2.4 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ( SC-CO2 ) Extraction Supercritical C dioxide ( SC-CO2 ) liquid extraction using the supercritical liquid extractor ( ABRP200, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ) , with a 500 milliliter extractor vas joined, was completed blending to Bimark et Al. ( 2009 ) with little adjustments. The stream pace of CO2 and modifier, extraction temperature, power per unit region and clasp were balanced using ICE bundle combined with the supercritical liquid extractor. The fluid CO2 was pressurized and warmed to the pined for power per unit zone and temperature with the help of power per unit territory siphon ( P-50, Pittsburg, PA, USA ) to make the supercritical area before go throughing it into the extraction vas. Total ethyl liquor was utilized as the qualifier to better the extraction of phenoplasts from C.hystrix foliages and fixed at a stream pace of 3 milliliters/min for all test processs. The continuation of the dormant extraction cut was fixed at 30 min, while the dynamic extraction cut was constant at 90 min. Fifty gms of C. hystrix foliages ( pummeling ) was different with 150g glass globules ( 2.0 millimeter in distances across ) to arrange the stream rate and the blend was put in the extractor vas. The extraction was so performed under grouped test conditions as produced by the reaction surface methodological investigation ( RSM ) plan. EtOH was expelled from the mixtures by vacuity vaporization using a rotating evaporator ( Eyela, A-1000S, Japan ) at 40 AÂ °C. The mixtures were gathered in the unit of ammo bottle flagon ( twisted with aluminum foil to limit light presentation and in this manner oxidization ) thus positioned in the stove at 40AÂ °C for 30 min before being moved into desiccators for closing unchanging weight. Mixtures were moved into earthy colored glass bottles, flashed with N and put away in a profound freeze of - 25AÂ °C until more distant investigation. The extractions were completed in additional items. 2.5 Determination of Total Phenolic Content ( TPC ) The whole phenolic substance of C.hystrix foliage mixtures was resolved using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent fitting to the technique depicted by Singletone et Al. ( 1999 ) . An aliquot of the imbuement ( 0.5mL ) was placed in 0.5mL of Folin reagent, under diminish obvious radiation before 10mL ( 7 % ) of Na carbonate was included. The blend was so left in obscurity for 60A min. The optical thickness of the blend was estimated against EtOH ( space ) at 725A nanometers by using an UV-Visible spectrophotometer ( UV-1650PC, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan ) . The normalization condition for Gallic corrosive, communicated as Gallic corrosive comparable ( GAE ) in mg/g implantation, was y = 0.0064x + 0.0093 ( R2 = 0.9972 ) . 2.6 Determination of Free Radical Scavenging Activity Free fanatic searching movement of C.hystrix foliage mixtures was estimated fitting to the procedure portrayed by Ramadan et Al. ( 2006 ) with little adjustments. A 0.1A milliliter aliquot of toluenic test arrangement at various focuses was included with 0.39A milliliters of new toluenic 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl ( DPPH ) arrangement ( 0.1A millimeter ) . Triplicates were completed for every focus. The blends were shaken adroitly and left in obscurity for 60A min and optical thickness was perused against unadulterated methylbenzene ( clean ) at 515A nanometers using an UV-Visible spectrophotometer ( UV-1650PC, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan ) . The free fanatic rummaging action of implantations was determined as follows: % Inhibition = ( [ Acontrol-Asample ]/Acontrol ) *100 Where AcontrolA =A optical thickness of the cont

My Perception of Any Human to Another Essay Sample

My Perception of Any Human to Another Essay Sample Countee Cullen was an outstanding representative of the Harlem Renaissance and his poetry remains topical even now, almost a hundred years after it was published. I find that the poet’s “Any Human to Another” is a masterpiece, and it left its imprint on me the first time I read it. Although I had known about racial inequality before, I used to take it as a bare fact. My parents always told me to treat everybody equally well regardless of their ethnic origin and social status, and it was a dogma to me. But only after reading the poem did I realize what it feels like to be in the shoes of an underprivileged person and understood their perception of the world in which no matter what they do, they will be an underdog because of their skin color. The poem evoked compassion in me. I deeply sympathize with the people who cannot find a place in the sun because of the conceited and arrogant people who think they are masters of the Universe and can decide on a fate of another person as if they were a God. Countee Cullen emphasizes equality of any humans, for we all experience grief and sorrow in the same way. Everybody knows what it feels like to be devastated and how painful it is to live through such strong emotions. However, the poet tells that proud people feel good about themselves by humiliating others, and he metaphorically describes that a wreath of bitter sorrows crowns the head of the one who affronts others. The significance of those words resonates today, almost a hundred years after the poem was published. At a first glance, we live in a politically correct world where minorities have the same rights as anybody else. But if you have a closer look, you will notice that equality exists mainly on paper. And I do not talk about racial equality only. What I mean is irregular allocation of funds across the world, poverty, need and starvation that the rich seem to turn a blind eye to. There are millions of people living in constant pain because of malnutrition, lack of medical care and terminal illnesses. Their lives can be compared to survival. At the same time there are rich people who have personal planes, yachts and grand mansions on each continent of the world. According to the data from Credit Suisse, 1% of the world have the same amount of wealth as the remaining 99% combined. How can we speak of equality here? Surely, large enterprises and corporations give working places to the peopl e in countries of the third world. But how can a person benefit from a salary that keeps them below poverty line? How can they break from a vicious circle of hard work, hopelessness and need? It is a sad fact that these days one can enrich themselves only at the expense of making someone else poorer. And so the gap between the rich and the poor increases day by day and leaves fewer chances for the underprivileged. How do I think that could change? In my opinion, the world should be driven not by the greed for gain but by compassion, mercy and love. People who come to power and great fortune should remember that they are given welfare not to pamper their own ego and lead an extravagant life but to be able to help to the less fortunate of the world. For is it not noble to save a child’s live or build a school that would give people access to education instead of buying the 5th mansion? Everybody else, who is not awfully rich, should remember that they should treat the minorities and the poor with due respect and understanding. After all, we are all human and we do not know what tomorrow will look like, and what life has in store for us. Such a brotherhood of people would make our world a better place to live in.

How Is the Verb Cacher Congugated in French

When you want to say to hide in French, use the word  cacher. This is a pretty easy one to remember because we use cache all the time in English: the cache of your internet browser, geocaching, etc. Conjugating  cacher  into, say, the past tense is relatively easy as well. A simple change to the ending and you can say I hid or we are hiding. A quick lesson in French will show you exactly how its done. Conjugating the French Verb  Cacher Cacher  is a  regular -ER verb, which means that it follows a common verb conjugation pattern. The endings for  cacher  change in the same way they do for  brà »ler  (to burn) or  blesser  (to hurt). This makes it easier for French students to learn others after memorizing the endings for one. Use the chart to learn the simple conjugations for  cacher. Match the subject pronoun to the present, future, or imperfect past tense and youre on the way to completing a sentence. For instance, I hide is je cache and we will hide is nous cacherons. The Present Participle of  Cacher Change the -er  to -ant  and you will form the  present participle  cachant. This can be used as a verb, yet it also works as an adjective, gerund, or noun when needed. Another Past Tense of  Cacher There is a lot to remember about the imperfect past tense, so you might find the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  a little easier to recall. This is a common way to express the past tense in French. To form it, conjugate the auxiliary verb  avoir  to  match the subject. Then, add the  past participle  of cachà ©Ã‚  to the end. For example, I hid is jai cachà © and we hid is nous avons cachà ©. More Simple  Cacher  Conjugations Beginning French students should concentrate on the present, past, and future tenses at first. As you progress, add these conjugations to your vocabulary as well. The subjunctive is used when the verb is uncertain. Likewise, the conditional verb form is used  when the action may or may not happen, depending on the circumstances. You will primarily find and use the passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive in formal writing. When you want to use  cacher  in short exclamations, use the imperative verb form. For this conjugation, theres no need to include the subject pronoun: use cachons rather than nous cachons.

Role of Women in The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay - 959 Words

About 2700 years ago there lived a king by the name of Gilgamesh who ruled the city of Uruk in Mesopotamia now known to us as modern day Iraq. Parts of his life are written on clay tablets believed to be the oldest existing written story of a man’s life. (XI). â€Å"The epic of Gilgamesh†, is the story of his quest for eternal life. In this paper I will be writing about the influence that the women in his life have played in his quest. The women are, Shamhat, Ninsun, Ishtar, and, â€Å"The tavern keeper†. The first woman in Gilgamesh’s quest for eternal life is Shamhat. Shamhat was a prostitute who lived in the city of Uruk. (8). As the story goes, Gilgamesh was an arrogant and abusive king to his people, so they complained to the†¦show more content†¦Ninsun interpreted the dream as a premonition of the arrival of a friend and partner whom Gilgamesh will come to love. It is also interesting to note that the tablets say that Shamhat was simultaneously giving Enkidu the same sort of prediction as Gilgamesh. (15). The tablets also seem to imply that Gilgamesh and Enkidu may have had a homosexual relationship. (11). The third woman is Ishtar, the goddess of love and sex. (46). Gilgamesh and Enkidu decide; against everyone’s advice, to go and battle a monster guardian; Humbaba, somewhere in the rift valley of Lebanon. (18). There they overpower him and kill him even though Humbaba begs for mercy. (40). Gilgamesh and Ekidu cut down a cedar tree and build a giant door out of it as an offering to Enlil, one of the Gods. (44). Ishtar, goddess of love and sex, falls in love with Gilgamesh and so Ishtar prepossess marriage to Gilgamesh. (46). Even though Ishtar is a Goddess, Gilgamesh flatly refuses. (47). Ishtar even offers him riches and power, he still refused. Gilgamesh even went so far as to insult her as a loose woman. (47). Ishtar’s feelings were terribly hurt so she went to her father to get revenge on Gilgamesh. (48). Ishtar’s father sent a rampaging bull to destroy the land causing a terrible drought. Gilgamesh and Enkidu fought the Bull and killed it. (49). G ilgamesh cut out a piece of the animal’s heart as an offering to Shamash, one of theShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Women In The Epic Of Gilgamesh1189 Words   |  5 Pages The Epic of Gilgamesh follows a tale of two brothers tasked with defeating an all-powerful beast, yet they aren’t the most important characters in this story. Without their wisdom and guidance, Gilgamesh and Enkidu’s journey would have ended a lot sooner, and Gilgamesh would have still rampaged in Uruk, never bringing peace to those who were below him. Aruru, Shamhat, Ninsun, Ishtar, Siduri, and Utanapishtim’s wife all contribute to Gilgamesh’s journey, and in the end, provide Gilgamesh with theRead MoreThe role of women in The Epic of Gilgamesh1552 Words   |  7 PagesThe role of women is a very important topic in The Epic of Gilgamesh, and various women are chosen to represent various aspects of the mesopotamian conception of women. In the ancient times males were inessential to the preservation of life. The Epic of Gilgamesh shows how the inability of males to give birth causes a sense of despair and alienation. While the representation of women might seem confusing at first with its wide range of traits, the epic tries to demonstrate all aspects of womenRead More The Role of Women in The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay799 Words   |  4 Pagesstarts off with Gilgamesh, the King of Uruk, who is one third man and two thirds god. 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DespiteRead MoreEssay about The Role of Women in the Epic of Gilgamesh1125 Words   |  5 PagesWhat if women ruled the world? The question does not seem so strange today as it may have back in 2500 B.C.E., an age when people tell stories of the Great King of Uruk--Gilgamesh. Although the story of â€Å"Gilgamesh† revolves around themes of masculinity and brotherhood--with its male prerogative, its composers develop several strong female characters which suggest women have great influence in a male-dominated, Mesopotamian society. The first female character that influences a man is the prostituteRead MoreRoles Of Gilegosh And The Power Of Women In Gilgamesh1440 Words   |  6 Pagesmen over women varied greatly, with women typically being in the position of less power and influence. Although women seem to play a less apparent role, women are essential for both the continuation of life and the nurturing of the future, signifying that the power of women is very potent. The women of Gilgamesh are goddesses, priestesses and a variety of other roles, each with their own set of skills, guide Gilgamesh throughout the epic. Despite the perception of some scholars that the women of GilgameshRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh : The Struggle For Women1183 Words   |  5 PagesThe struggle for women to play a significant role in history can be traced from the ancient Mesopotamians to the 1900’s. There has been a continuous battle for women to gain equal rights legally and to be treated equally in all aspects of life. The Epic of Gilgamesh contains some of the oldest recorded accounts of the roles of women and their importance in a functional society. Women have been viewed as anything from goddesses to unwanted servants throughout history, regardless of a variety of changesRead MoreGender Inequality In Gilgamesh Essay1339 Words   |  6 Pageshas always been a gender inequality separating the roles and power of men from women. Most societies were patriarchal, emphasizing male dominance in society and directing women towards a more idle role so that they were more ornamental than influential. Through this gender division, women would take on the less powerful role as a nurturing mother, or caring wife over and over again in several ancient societies up to modern day societies. In Gilgamesh, male characters are emphasized much more thanRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh By William Shakespeare876 Words   |  4 Pagesstory, known as the world’s oldest written tale, is The Epic of Gilgamesh. This poem happens to be from that very time period in Mesopotamia and it clearly exhibits the values and views of the people from that era. It achieves this through Gilgamesh’s behavior at the beginning of the tale, the way in which women are perceived, and the heavy role played by the gods throughout the entirety of the epic. The first way in which The Epic of Gilgamesh succeeds in portraying the ideals and principles ofRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh By Andrew George And Monkey Essay1380 Words   |  6 Pagesexasperating. Women who express their sexual sides are viewed as loose, disrespectful to themselves, or despicable. People often forget that women can be powerful and sexual beings. Women in society, nowadays and even three thousand years ago have always dealt with these problems simply because they are not male. A woman could show complete class, intelligence, and ambition and portray herself to be a powerful or even sexual being and she would still be given a hard time. The Epic of Gilgamesh translated

Five Phases of Project Management Free Essays

Assignment – Five Phases Project Management Strategy November 5, 2012 Five Phases of Project Management Life cycle management is a business management approach that can be used by all types of businesses (and other organizations) to improve their products and thus the sustainability, employing the principles of project life cycle – the five phases of project management, which consists of, initiation, planning, execution, monitoring, and closure. Iniation Phase The first phase of a project is the initiation phase. During this phase, a business problem or opportunity is identified and a business case providing various solution options is defined. We will write a custom essay sample on Five Phases of Project Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Once the recommended solution is approved, a project is initiated to deliver the approved solution. Terms of reference are completed outlining the objectives, scope and structure of the new project and a project manager is appointed. The project manager begins recruiting a project team and establishes a project office environment. Within the initiation phase, the business problem or opportunity is identified, a solution is defined, a project is formed and a project team is appointed to build and deliver the solution to the customer (Barkley, 2005). Planning Phase Often the most time-consuming of the phases of project management, the Planning phase is where you lay your project groundwork and is critical for a successful implementation of the subsequent Execution phase (Reynolds, 2009). Additionally, in this phase Project Planning builds on the work done in Project Initiation, refining and augmenting Cost, Scope, Schedule and Quality (CSSQ) and Project Plan deliverables. Usually, additional members join the Project Team, and they assist the Project Manager in further elaborating the details of the Cost, Scope, Schedule and Quality (Macek, 2010). The planning phase produces a project plan, project charter and/or project scope outlining the work to be performed. During this phase, a team should prioritize the project, calculate a budget and schedule, and determine what resources are needed0 (LaBrosse, 2008). This phase is the basis for the successful execution of the subsequent Executing phase. The planning phase is also the phase where, definition of work packages, detailed planning, clarification of responsibilities, risk analysis, and interfaces are defined. Project Planning marks the completion of the Project Plan –i. e. , no work is left uncovered. Execution Phase Execution. This is where the project team does the work to crate the final deliverables of the project. It is the largest part of most projects and it goes far better if adequate time was taken to properly plan the work of the project (Reynolds, 2009). Resources’ tasks are distributed and teams are informed of responsibilities. This is a good time to bring up important project related information (Project Plan Execution, 2009). During the Execution phase, the project manager spends a considerable amount of time in communication making sure the resources (people, equipment and materials) are available to do their work and know what work needs to be completed. There is a significant amount of work in this phase, as a project manager works to juggle many aspects of the project. During this phase, you’ll use all of your management skills to implement and manage cost and quality, risks and change, and several other factors (Reynolds, 2009). Monitoring The next phase of the Project management life cycle is monitoring. Successful Project Management Principles amp; Controls are summarized as three main methods; continual focus on the Project Plan, constant update of the Project Plan (especially the triple restraints, and most importantly, measure status and project progress against the Project Plan -making adjustments to get back on track, if necessary (Project Plan Execution, 2009) . Closure In Project Closeout, the Project Team assesses the outcome of the project, as well as the performance of the Project Team and the Performing Organization. This is accomplished primarily through soliciting and evaluating feedback from Customers, Project Team members, Consumers and other stakeholders. The primary purpose of this assessment is to document best practices and lessons learned for use on future projects. In addition, key project metrics are also captured to enable the Performing Organization to compare and evaluate erformance measurements across projects. Project completion is signified by accomplishments such as (1) all tasks finished, (2) agreed deliverables completed, (3) testing completed, and (4) training materials prepared. The project benefits should be measured and compared with the final business case. Not all the benefits of the project are immediately apparent. The results must be compared with the cost-benefit analysis along with all the other forecast b enefits that the project was planned to provide the organisation. Analyzes how each phase could support the organization’s business strategy. There is a dramatic rise in the use of project management as organizations shift to provide customer driven results and systems solutions. Some implementations of project management have been successful, while others are incredible failures. A common occurrence in many organizations is too many projects being attempted by too few people with no apparent link to strategy or organizational goals. Unfortunately, this is why the organization I currently work in is struggling to successfully complete the EMR, too few resources and too many projects being implemented simultaneously and most not align with the strategic plan. Experience indicates that the support of upper management is critical to project success, upper management was absent as participants of the project until the decision was made to delay the go-live. In our case, Upper management did not take action to create an environment for more successful projects in their organizations. Project management must be regarded as a company-wide project management competency designed to benefit the entire company (Kerzner, 2005). It also includes developing a corporate culture that is based upon effective organizational behavior and creating a well-developed project management methodology, accompanied by the proper supporting tools, which is vital to achieving organizational goals. Once the organization recognizes that project management is a core competency, the organization can convert this competency into a sustainable competitive advantage. The ultimate purpose is for the sustainable competitive advantage to become the pathway for a strategic competency that becomes a primary drive during strategic planning activities (Kerzner, 2005. As the project management strategy matures, the business value derived from each phase increases. Increased value subsequent to increase project portfolio leads to the alignment of project management and organizational strategy across the organization/enterprise. Keeping each phase of the project on track yields a successful project, which means managing the triple constraints and strict management of metrics (monitoring phase). The project goals then extend throughout the team to the suppliers, contractors, and stakeholders. The five phases of project management assists the organization in creating a strategic value chain that gives companies a competitive edge. References Kerzner, H. (2005). Using the Project Management Maturity Model: Strategic planning for project management (2nd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. LaBrosse, M. (2008). Key principles of project management. Food Management, 43(5), 27-27. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/215900222? ccountid=32521 Macek, W. (2010). Methodologies of project management. Wspolczesna Ekonomia, 4(4), 267. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/1115291842? accountid=32521 Project Plan Execution – where you â€Å"walk the walk† as the Project Manager. (2009). Retrieved from URL Managerhttp://www. mastering-project-management. com/project-plan-execution. html Reynolds, D. (2009, May 13). Phases of project mana gement: Initiation. Bright Hub weblog. Retrieved from www. brighthub. com/office/project-management/articles/1672. aspx Reynolds, D. (2009, May 13). Phases of project management: Planning. Bright Hub weblog. Retrieved from www. brighthub. com/office/project-management/articles/1673. aspx Reynolds, D. (2009, July 28). Phases of project management: Execution. Bright Hub weblog. Retrieved from www. brighthub. com/office/project-management/articles/1674. aspx Reynolds, D. (2009, May 13). Phases of project management: Monitoring. Bright Hub weblog. Retrieved from www. brighthub. com/office/project-management/articles/1675. aspx Reynolds, D. (2009, May 13). Phases of project management: Closing. Bright Hub weblog. How to cite Five Phases of Project Management, Papers

Causes Of World War I Essay Example For Students

Causes Of World War I Essay On August 1, 1914 one of the worlds greatest tragedies took place. In Harry F. Youngs article entitled, the Misunderstanding of August 1, 1914, Young tries to make sense of the days that took place before the Great War began. In his twenty-one-page article, Young uses many sources to explain the story that had so many twists and turns. The following is an essay examining the work of Harry Young and what really went on August 1, 1914. The main question that the author asks is what happened on August 1st? Young opens his article by saying: Austria had opened fire on Serbia; Russia had begun to mobilize the troops; Berlins ultimatum to St. Petersburg would expire at noon; France was prepared to support her tsarist ally; and so far Englands efforts to mediate had failed. There are very many different explanations that can be given to explain World War I. Predominantly, the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist would be one of the first explanations given. Another important note would be that at the time this spirit of nationalism was alive and well in the heart of Europe, particularly in the empire of Austria-Hungary. Another explanation given is that there was often confusion and conflict between the German ambassador Prince Lichnowsky and the British Foreign Secretary, Sir Edward Grey. It was said that they were definite additions to the already crowded European tension. Prince Lichnowsky became an ambassador in London in 1912. He gained instant popularity with the people and was soon on friendly terms with Sir Edward Grey and Prime Minister Asquith. It is believed among historians particularly the author of this article that, both wartime governments found it necessary to accept and promote the idea that Licknowsky had misinterpreted what Grey was proposing to him. What Grey was proposing to him is further discussed later on in this paper. However, there was what seemed to be so much confusion and conflict in the European countries that it would be hard to believe that misunderstandings would not take place. In the article Young gives a day-by-day account leading up to August 1st and several days after. He even makes use of references from several documents that were recorded several years before the war, suggesting that the causes had been building up in Europe for quite sometime. Franks main belief is that confusion among Europeans was at the time rampant. So what happened that day? Some historians speculate that the idea of the war was brewing for sometime. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia suggests that hints of the war were evident as early as the Austrian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Balkan Wars. Although the Young article makes no references to the above-sited as a cause, he does believe that Austria played a significant role in the war. Young mentions that on July 23, Serbia was given an ultimatum, which to some was described as unacceptable. With a Russia alliance guaranteed, the Serbs accepted some of the terms but simply dismissed most of them. The alliance upset many countries particularly Britain and France. Tensions were mounting. When Grey learned about this ultimatum, he was talking to all countries fearing that a war would soon break out. Grey was trying to spread the idea of postponed or limited military engagement What he wanted was to keep the possibility of peace alive by holding a conference. Wha t Grey basically wanted to do was to gather the four disinterested governments, which would consist of Britain, Germany, France and Italy. After assembling the countries Grey hoped to some how use them to mediate between the deadlocked Russia and Austria. Greys efforts were met with no success. After Greys attempts failed, the threat of war grew to be almost unbearable. Several of the European countries were pointing fingers and others were being blamed for governmental injustices. Troops from the major countries began entering foreign land and any hope that Grey had for a peaceful solution was fading away. The author speaks of the feeling of impending doom and how it had reached a peak on the morning of August 1st. .u84afc454a1ea6dc992bb0ea3798bd4c7 , .u84afc454a1ea6dc992bb0ea3798bd4c7 .postImageUrl , .u84afc454a1ea6dc992bb0ea3798bd4c7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u84afc454a1ea6dc992bb0ea3798bd4c7 , .u84afc454a1ea6dc992bb0ea3798bd4c7:hover , .u84afc454a1ea6dc992bb0ea3798bd4c7:visited , .u84afc454a1ea6dc992bb0ea3798bd4c7:active { border:0!important; } .u84afc454a1ea6dc992bb0ea3798bd4c7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u84afc454a1ea6dc992bb0ea3798bd4c7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u84afc454a1ea6dc992bb0ea3798bd4c7:active , .u84afc454a1ea6dc992bb0ea3798bd4c7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u84afc454a1ea6dc992bb0ea3798bd4c7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u84afc454a1ea6dc992bb0ea3798bd4c7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u84afc454a1ea6dc992bb0ea3798bd4c7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u84afc454a1ea6dc992bb0ea3798bd4c7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u84afc454a1ea6dc992bb0ea3798bd4c7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u84afc454a1ea6dc992bb0ea3798bd4c7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u84afc454a1ea6dc992bb0ea3798bd4c7 .u84afc454a1ea6dc992bb0ea3798bd4c7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u84afc454a1ea6dc992bb0ea3798bd4c7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Racism and evolutionary theory EssayHours before the war officially broke out several frantic cable messages were being sent around. The first of the day came from Licknowsky who cabled Berlin with the basic message that he and Grey were still attempting to work things out. For the next several hours while all of Europe stood on its toes cable messages were dispensed between all countries. Last minute allies were trying to be formed, new enemies trying to be avoided. All those in power were frantically trying to avoid war. However, as history would show the inevitable could not be avoided. The Germans were the first to declare war, first on Russia on August 1st, then on Fr ance on August 3rd. The Germans were hoping for assistance from the English but a war crimes violation by the Germans, gave the English enough support to enter war them selves. Soon the two sides were formed. The Allies consisted of Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia and Belgium. And the Central Powers were formed by Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. Perhaps one of the most interesting items in the article is when the author discusses the many communications between Licknowsky and Grey. In a section from the article Young suggests how that one would assume that on the day that the war broke out, that any diplomatic reporting would be quickened and compressed. However the author says that, the cables on his (Grey) morning conversations were as full and as explicit as they could be. The article is very informative in the way it covers all points of view. The author never chooses a side, nor does he become biased. He uses many different types of documents from a varia tion of sources, which makes the article very poignant. For example, when the author discusses the way the Germans felt a specific way he quickly backs that statement up with one from another perspective. Although at times the article is played out like a daytime soap opera, Young has captured, at least some, of the confusion that unraveled. The circumstances that caused the Great War are very numerous. The authors style of presenting such events is clear and concise. This essay in no way represents what completely happened on those days in which the first World War began, instead this essay gives some of the significant stories that are important to know, if one is to begin to fully understand what happened on August 1, 1914. BibliographySource:Young, Harry F. The Misunderstanding of August 1, 1914, Journal of Modern HistoryVolume 48(1976) page 645-665

Judaism an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Judaism by Expert Dr Olivia | 05 Oct 2016 "The beliefs and practice of religion play a vital role in a person's everyday life, and influence uniqueness in their culture". (direct essays 2002-2007)The ancient tradition and faith are the pillars on which a person image, culture, and nation solidly rest. Judaism's central belief is that people of all religion are children of God, and are equal before God. (direct essays 2002-2007) Ethics is a very important requirement in the life of Jewish people. Judaism does not require that people should convert to Judaism in order to achieve salvation, it emphasizes the notion of monotheism, the idea that there is one God. Need essay sample on "Judaism" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Zionism is the national movement which marks the return of Jewish people to their homeland, Israel. It has certain concrete political and spiritual aims at the resumption of sovereignty in the Land of Israel. The term Zionism was coined in 1890 by Nathan Bird Baum. (A definition of Zionism(2007). "We want to lay the foundation stone of the house which is to shelter the Jewish nation," and " Zionism is a return to the Jewish fold even before it is a return to the Jewish land." A few days later, Herzl wrote: "[I] gradually worked the people up into the atmosphere of a State and made them feel that they were its National Assembly." (Friedman & Carciente, 1992-2007)2Theodore Herzl became the prophet and creator of the Zionist movement. Undergraduates Very Often Tell EssayLab writers: How much do I have to pay someone to write my paper today? Essay writer professionals recommend: Your Academic Success Is Our Goal Cheap Writing Services Write A Paper Online Cheap Essays Within Hours Cheap Writing Service Reviews Herzl led a life of contradiction while growing up, studying and getting into a successful profession in Europe. With his background, Herzl could completely assimilate in Vienna, which was the hub of cultural and intellectual activity, but it was also a place where he would encounter the darkness of anti-Semitism. For many young and sensitive Europen Jews of Herzl's generation being born Jewish was a curse. It could be felt in social interaction in universities(because of which Herzl quit the Fraternity he had joined), they were denied entrance to government positions, to national banks, to high army ranks and to positions of real power. "One of the greatest of composers and conductors, Gustav Mahler, had to convert to Catholicism in order to get his contract to conduct the Vienna Opera and the Vienna Philharmonic, the musical positions which were fully worthy of his greatness. Otto Wengen, a brilliant young philosopher, committed suicide out of profound Jewish self-hatred." (Friedma n & Carciente, 1992-2007). These events of that period had made a profound impact on his own Jewish identity and on his thinking about the problems of being a Jew. Herzl had the luxury of being a reporter: he could play the role of being an observer, a witness, or someone in the audience; in fact, what he saw was hitting home. This was probably the first powerful indication to Herzl that while Jews may have achieved legal equality in much of Europe, they (and he among them) continued to be outsiders socially. In too much of what he read whether in German or in French and in too much of Viennese and Parisian politics, anti-Semitism was "in the air". (Friedman & Carciente, 1992-2007). Ahad Ha-am was considered an important contributor to the Jewish character of the modern Jewish state. He basically used his excellent mind and writing skills to outline the need for a Jewish character for the new Jewish state. At the end of 1800's and beginning of 1900's, which marks the beginning of the Zionism, the Jew were down and scattered in many directions. Herzl was not ready to address the Zionist congress, did not even reveal his dream. Life in Israel was wrought with danger from Arabs and disease. It was Ahad Ha-am who proposed a rigorous training program in Europe to give the agricultural skills to those who desired to emigrate along with philosophy to carry them through the difficult period of re-adjustment. He advocated continuity between tradition and the emergence of the new Israeli culture. He felt that without the traditional Jewish values, the Zionist dream would turn into a secular state devoid of inherent Jewish values. Ahad Ha-am clashed with the other leaders of Zionism, notably Herzl and Nordau. He basically used his excellent mind and writing skills to outline the need for a Jewish character for the new Jewish state. A man of tremendous stature and influence in his lifetime, today his works are perhaps too philosophical for a generation of enjoyment seekers. (Rosenbarf, February 2004) Work Cited Direct Essays, Christianity and Judaism, 2002-2007, www.directessays.com/viewpaper/39913.html C A definition of Zionism(2007). Retrieved February 20, 2007, from Jewish Virtual Library Web site: www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Zionism/zionism.html0 Friedman & Carciente, Dr.Motti & Esther (1992-2007). Herzl Creates the Zionist Movement. Retrieved February 20, 2007, from Israel and Zionism (Friedman & Carciente, 1992-2007)2-2 0 Rosenbarf, Sidney (February 2004). The Influence of Ahad Ha-Am on modern Israel. Retrieved February 20, 2007, from Ahad Ha-Am Web site: www.jewishmag.com/76mag/ahadhaam/ahadhaam.htm (Rosenbarf, February 2004)07o

Biography of Nathaniel Hawthorne

Biography of Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne was one of the most admired American authors of the 19th century, and his reputation has endured to the present day. His novels, including The Scarlet Letter and The House of the Seven Gables, are widely read in schools. A native of Salem, Massachusetts, Hawthorne often incorporated the history of New England, and some lore related to his own ancestors, into his writings. And by focusing on themes such as corruption and hypocrisy he dealt with serious issues in his fiction. Often struggling to survive financially, Hawthorne worked at various times as a government clerk, and during the election of 1852 he wrote a campaign biography for a college friend, Franklin Pierce. During Pierces presidency Hawthorne secured a posting in Europe, working for the State Department. Another college friend was Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. And Hawthorne was also friendly with other  prominent writers, including Ralph Waldo Emerson and Herman Melville. While writing Moby Dick, Melville felt the influence of Hawthorne so profoundly that he changed his approach and eventually dedicated the novel to him. When he died in 1864, the New York Times described him as the most charming of American novelists, and one of the foremost descriptive writers in the language. Early Life Nathaniel Hawthorne was born July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts. His father was a sea captain who died while on a voyage to the Pacific in 1808, and Nathaniel was raised by his mother, with the help of relatives. A leg injury sustained during a game of ball caused young Hawthorne to restrict his activities, and he became an avid reader as a child. In his teens he worked in the office of his uncle, who ran a stagecoach, and in his spare time he dabbled with trying to publish his own small newspaper. Hawthorne entered Bowdoin College in Maine in 1821 and began writing short stories and a novel. Returning to Salem, Massachusetts, and his family, in 1825, he finished a novel he had started in college, Fanshawe. Unable to get a publisher for the book, he published it himself. He later disavowed the novel and tried to stop it from circulating, but some copies did survive. Literary Career During the decade after college Hawthorne submitted stories such as Young Goodman Brown to magazines and journals. He was often frustrated in his attempts to get published, but eventually a local publisher and bookseller, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody began to promote him. Peabodys patronage introduced Hawthorne to prominent figures such as Ralph Waldo Emerson. And Hawthorne would eventually marry Peabodys sister. As his literary career began to show promise, he secured, through political friends, an appointment to a patronage job in the Boston custom house. The job provided an income, but was fairly boring work. After a change in political administrations cost him the job, he spent about six months at Brook Farm, a Utopian community near West Roxbury, Massachusetts.   Hawthorne married his wife, Sophia, in 1842, and moved to Concord, Massachusetts, a hotbed of literary activity and home to Emerson, Margaret Fuller, and Henry David Thoreau. Living in the Old Manse, the house of Emersons grandfather, Hawthorne entered a very productive phase and he wrote sketches and tales. With a son and a daughter, Hawthorne moved back to Salem and took another government post, this time at the Salem custom house. The job mostly required his time in the mornings and he was able to write in the afternoons. After the Whig candidate Zachary Taylor was elected president in 1848, Democrats like Hawthorne could be dismissed, and in 1848 he lost his posting at the custom house. He threw himself into the writing of what would be considered his masterpiece, The Scarlet Letter. Fame and Influence Seeking an economical place to live, Hawthorne moved his family to Stockbridge, in the Berkshires. He then entered the most productive phase of his career. He finished The Scarlet Letter, and also wrote The House of the Seven Gables. While living in Stockbridge, Hawthorne befriended Herman Melville, who was struggling with the book that became Moby Dick. Hawthornes encouragement and influence was very important to Melville, who openly acknowledged his debt by dedicating the novel to his friend and neighbor. The Hawthorne family was happy in Stockbridge, and Hawthorne began to be acknowledged as one of Americas greatest authors. Campaign Biographer In 1852 Hawthornes college friend, Franklin Pierce, received the Democratic Partys nomination for president as a dark horse candidate. In an era when Americans often did not know much about the presidential candidates, campaign biographies were a potent political tool. And Hawthorne offered to help his old friend by quickly writing a campaign biography. Hawthornes book on Pierce was published a few months before the November 1852 election, and it was considered very helpful in getting Pierce elected. After he became president, Pierce paid back the favor by offering Hawthorne as diplomatic post as the American consul in Liverpool, England, a thriving port city. In the summer of 1853 Hawthorne sailed for England. He worked for the U.S. government until 1858, and while he kept a journal he didnt focus on writing. Following his diplomatic work he and his family toured Italy and returned to Concord in 1860. Back in America, Hawthorne wrote articles but did not publish another novel. He began to suffer ill health, and on May 19, 1864, while on a trip with Franklin Pierce in New Hampshire, he died in his sleep.

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 47

Case study - Essay Example There were many other stakeholders whose direct input and opinion could not be avoided since they all contributed to the success of the event (Senge, 19). For instance, the KSNN could not provide alternative traffic routes and a parking stadium away from the college. In brief, it was not possible for KSNN to independently sort out the accrued problems. KSNN received a publicity boost other than the financial benefits that came with it. Thus, many people got to know KSNN as a company due to the positives. The sponsors such as the corporate firms got the chance to advertise their wares and used the chance as a marketing tool and avenue. The college also got a temporary facelift when the show was being done therein. For instance, most of the people in the society got to learn about the college since the show was being held in their venue. Thus, the college and its reputation got to reach a wider pol of people in the

Boo at the Zoo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Boo at the Zoo - Assignment Example Citizens now anticipate for its events more than ever with several preparations that occur when the festivals are approaching. Among many, Halloween spirit has now become more than a fashion and fun extravaganza but also a lucrative business opportunity that many investors are rushing into (Kullstroem, 2009). Thesis sentence: In the wake of globalization of the Halloween festivals, these celebrations are now generating lump sum income to investors because they offer attractive business opportunities like selling costumes and decorations. The size of Halloween market is widely increasing due to the festival’s globalization process mostly in European and African states (Kullstroem, 2009). For instance, according to the 2009 US statistics businesses that specialize in making Halloween costumes, they recorded a profit of $5.8 billion (Hyatt, 2012). In Canada, the same Halloween entertainment business industry had net profit of $331million spent on candy only (Hyatt, 2012). The lat ter is because during events like boo at zoo at Santa Ana which encompass free give ways of candy to kids who often visit the site to have fun. This indicates how popular the event has been as well as consumers willing to spend money on festivals, which makes the entire business highly lucrative. For the last 23 years, the spectacular event encompassing Boo at zoo is one of US’ longest running Halloween events providing thrilling fun time for general family irrespective of one’s age or class (Hyatt, 2012). Through Boo and zoo event, US citizens get the opportunity to participate in Halloween event fully because it can accommodate people of all ages and class. Many people love the Halloween spirit mainly in US and Boo At Zoo at Santa Ana provide the best platform for them to engage in the event. In this event, guests have an opportunity to explore several prize stations on the Trick-Or-Treat trail as well as Halloween themed game activities that consist of storytelling and sing-along (Hyatt, 2012). These activities include, a train ride, a story telling moment as well as a costume parade time. The Santa Ana Zoo located at prentice park, which is right in the middle of an urban setting, is a major oasis at Orange County in US (Borsting, 2010). Founded by Joseph Prentice in 1952, he requested that at least 50 monkey pack maintained in the park at all times (Borsting, 2010). In order for boo at the zoo occasion have the much needed Halloween spirit, the site has to embrace varied decorations in accordance to the population group that usually visits the site. Boo at the zoo has been instrumental in evolving the Halloween event from a frightening adult festival to a fun time event that is now giving families an opportunity to have fun. For instance, during the event, there is always an express train ride for not only children but also adults. The latter is a machine that costs a lot and rarely seen in other diverse avenues. Besides, there are different locations for animals of diverse species in the park, which are vital in letting kids learn about animals. For example, the zoo nocturnal animal activity that is important for children to learn about diverse animals. In addition, during the evening participants engage in a night costume activity where the best-costumed person receives a prize (Hassiotis, 2008). All these aspects entail expensive decorations done by certain companies in the Halloween

Performance Management In Lloyds Banking Group Management Essay

Performance Management In Lloyds Banking Group Management Essay Corporations organisations look for individuals with potential techniques to develop their management skills, who in current market conditions are facing many challenges to gain skills, qualification, qualities competencies that would make them better leaders managers. Both organisations individuals looks to make investment that can get the best return. One way to achieve this is through the Management Development Program that seeks to set out the purpose of management development by considering what managers do in various contexts, and how they learn. As per Cannell. M (2008) Management development is a process through which individuals gain managerial skills through learning in turn helping themselves organisations. Management Development is an important aspect in an organisation as in house development gives employee a chance to utilize or develop their skills, make them feel loyal to the company and saves cost in the long term. Growing management talent means increased effi ciency profitability for organisations. [www.cipd.co.uk] Value of Management Development (MD) As per Mumford, A and Gold, J (2004) MD is valued as it has to be linked determined by the business needs as per strategic plans and also provide inputs to strategic plans. This top down approach can be contrasted with the one that lays emphasis on the way managers learn develop through actual opportunities. (Garavan et al, 1999; p.193) In relation to MD, a key consideration for many organisations is to show the improvements in performance of managers leading to success of organisation. Effective Management Development As per Mumford (1993) Management Development is an attempt to improve managerial effectiveness through a learning process. Effective Management Behaviour Development Focused on Effective Learning Effectiveness Process The purpose of this effectiveness triangle is that management development is not only focused on development or learning processes but these directly affect the management behaviour. John Kotter (1982) described effective behaviour as building networks for colleagues, executing by working and developing multiple objectives and maintaining relationships spending time with other people to achieve those objectives. This can then help managers to assess their development needs based on the meaning of effectiveness that is important to them or organisations. This then looks at the activities that are carried out by managers, meet their requirements to carry out their work, leading us to the second point of triangle which looks at the needs depending on the desired results from managers and action to achieve those results. The organisation then looks at the needs for learning and development depending on the processes through which those needs can be met effectively to help individual/org anisation. Measuring MD through Management Development Audit (MDA): MDA is a tool for organisations to find out what managers want, how they feel about what they are getting is management development effective, adding value and in line with organisation requirements and goals. MDA is a continuous activity of gaining a broader view of management development needs, assessing its value controlling costs in constantly changing environment. for e.g. in Lloyds banking group there is a Group Operations team which deal with gathering of data by means of interview, surveys, observations documentation. They look after the needs for management development and perform assessment gathering data on individual request and offer relevant courses that can be done online or class-room based to develop required skills and measure those in line with the organisation goals or achievements. Approaches to Management Development (MD): As per Mumford, A and Gold, J (2004) Organisations have different approaches towards management development, the four stages of management development in any organisations are: Unplanned experimental Management Development: This informal approach is based on learning by practical experience while working/experimenting things and situations. In past individuals were promoted based on the product knowledge they possessed regarding an organisation who had little training about supervision, e.g., about delegating, interpersonal skills, stress management, career developments, etc. Unplanned reactive Management Development: This approach is based on immediate situation or pressure. for e.g. the survey of IFA satisfaction report shows dissatisfaction, requires raising awareness or doing courses in respect to those skills. Another example is handling change in difficult situation, where companies like LBG have brought effectiveness by reducing costs. Planned Management Development: This approach is based on planned structured procedure of an organisation where appraisals, performance reviews identify the needs of development. for e.g. Formal Development/learning, a job change will identify the skills possessed required to do the particular job, which will identify the needs of development. An individual with expertise across various management topics is an effective manager. Effective management gives systems view of an organisation, reviewing how major functions affect each other. Strategic Management Development: This approach looks at the longer term issues with the management development for e.g. the development of managers required to handle mergers acquisition over the coming years. Organisations respond to the environmental changes such as customer demands, globalisation and technological changes, here MD could prove to be vital in acting as a tool to achieve implement the strategy and business performance for e.g. The EFQM Model. [www.efqm.org] Learning Development at Lloyds Banking Group There are quite a few different definitions of learning. The one provided by Kolb (1984), has been of particular importance in MD. Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience. The definition has further two implications, firstly if managers have achieved knowledge, skills and/or insight, learning is an end result or outcome. Secondly, to achieve an end result requires a process by which mangers acquire knowledge, skills or insight. As per Pedler and Boydell (1985) learning was more concerned with increase in knowledge or a higher degree of an existing skills, whereas development was, in their view a move towards a different state of being or functioning. At LBG, executives are committed to the development of every colleague, including themselves, so as one team the organisation is well-positioned to deliver against the strategic priorities. Learning at LBG is as follows: Your Learning web portal available for all colleagues to manage learning activities online. Effective Performance Management Leadership Management at Glance [Lloyds Banking Group Internal Database] Performance Management in Lloyds Banking Group Holbeche (1999) refers Performance Management is about setting clear and measurable objectives, taking time to regularly monitor performance, having open and honest conversations and coaching colleagues on their performance and development. Organisation like Lloyds banking group concentrates more on their performance management which is a key driver to keep track of improvements, skills achievements. Effective Performance Management to LBG means that colleagues are clear about what needs to be done and this is communicated in regular conversations throughout the year. These conversations may be formal, for example 1-2-1 meetings or annual reviews, or informal, such as quick chats with managers. Staff can also discuss their performance with colleagues other than line managers, such as peers or colleagues whom they work regularly with. These reviews provide an opportunity for colleagues and managers to identify any areas of improvement or development required, where colleagues have th e capacity to stretch themselves in their role. LBG performance management comprises of five elements as shown in the figure below: 1 Effective Performance Conversations Across the whole Business we act As one 5 Clear Simple Actions for 2 Clear, Consistent and For Development and Aligned Objectives Improvements 4 Effective Differentiation 3 Performance Ratings Based of Performance on Overall Contributions [Lloyds Banking Group Internal Database] Effective Performance Conversations (EPC) As per London and Smither, (1995), the purpose of EPC is to enable an improved understanding amongst managers and employees. Managers strengths or weaknesses could be recognised via staff feedback, thus needs for development are recognised where MD can play important role. EPC could be of any form between staff, managers or colleagues; like informal chats about the aspirations frustrations or a formal chat regarding a particular objective its achievement progress. EPC should be conducted regularly so they form an integral part of the daily activities. One of the major drawbacks for EPC is, can mangers take criticism in a positive manner or would they act defensively. As per Meyer et al, (1965) research suggested that it is a very sensitive issue and the key findings from a research carried out onto the impact of feedback on managers during performance appraisals was that, the more criticism a manager received the more defensively they reacted by denying shortcomings and blaming others. It was further found that criticism continued to negatively affect performance after reviews. [Lloyds Banking Group Internal Database] Clear, Consistent and Aligned Objective LBG (Lloyds Banking Group) objectives ensure that the deliverables are aligned with overall objectives of business where all employees actively work and contribute to deliver the organisational strategic goals by appropriate approach. LBG uses Balanced Scorecard approach for clear, consistent aligned objectives. The Balanced Scorecard: The balanced scorecard approach focuses on the clarity of organisations overall business strategy and objectives and the will to work towards them as per Kaplan and Nortons (2001, p52). LBG focuses its development activities on the whole of its workforce because of the importance of high quality customer service. In seeking to develop the talent and capability that are key to its future growth, it is interested in mapping the skills and attitudes of employees at all levels. Balanced scorecards are set at the beginning of each year and have structured objectives with clear metrics, covering five categories. Each category represents elements essential for long term growth and success. Every colleague will have their own balanced scorecard and the content should be appropriate to their role. This means that every scorecard supports individual, team and organisational objectives. The use of balanced scorecard in LBG is to support delivery of business objectives and values in the context of prudent risk management, and ensure that all colleagues work together to achieve this outcome. [Lloyds Banking Group Internal Database] Effective Differentiation of Performance (EDP) LBG staff is distinguished through their performance and thus recognises those individuals who would require more support for better performance. This would imply that ratings are fairly and consistently applied throughout the organisation. Peer Comparison Approach for EDP: LBG uses peer comparison as a technique to differentiate performance. In particular, it helps to ensure that the performance ratings provided are fair and accurate reflection of colleagues performance in relation to the rest of the organisation. For example, it helps prevent one colleague from receiving the same performance rating as another when the evidence shows that they have contributed less during the year. As part of regular reviews, line manager will consider staff performance in relation to their peer group. This could be members of team at the same level, or other colleagues performing a similar role at the same level in another part of the organisation. Bettenhausen and Fedor (1997) found that peer comparison was viewed positively when used for development but negatively when used for evaluation. For example, because managers often have to work closely and associated with other managers, their peers, they tend to give positive feedback bec ause they do not wish to disturb the relationship or damage careers. Peers may require making comparisons between individuals, and this may harm the working of team. Clear Simple Actions for Development Improvements Colleagues should constantly look for opportunities to develop themselves. For example, staff can be thinking about how to improve performance in current role or even what they need to do to move into a new or promoted role. If everyone focuses on development at an individual level, this will in turn have a positive impact on the success of organisation. Businesses tends to change and therefore even colleagues who have been in their role for a significant period of time will find that they need to develop in order to meet the objectives set at the beginning of the year. Every colleague should have a Development Plan, which they will discuss with their line manager. This should include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What staff needs to do to develop them in current role (closing any skills gaps you have). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What behaviours you need to develop. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What aspirations you have for your long-term career and how you will work towards this. Our approach to Performance Management also allows us to identify at an early stage where colleagues may need support/development to help them meet their objectives, for whatever reason. If you are experiencing difficulty in meeting your objectives at any point in the year, you and your line manager will work together to recover your performance via an Action Plan. Action Plans are required for all colleagues who are considered to be underperforming. [Lloyds Banking Group Internal Database] Case Study: This case study is about LBG undergoing change due to acquisition of HBOS and the employee engagement survey indicated that the change was poorly managed by the organisation and the line managers. There was a very low level of employee satisfaction with both the organisation and management behaviour. Customer satisfaction was worse/lowest to such an extent that LBG was top of the customer complaints with 22,242 complaints in first half of 2010 (Jill Insley 2010 Guardian.co.uk). Analysis of questions used in employee survey showed that the crucial elements of satisfaction were: From Employers/Organisation: Employees wanted job security, generalised market pay and decent conditions for working environment. From Team Leader/Managers: Employees wanted to be kept informed about organisation changes, realistic targets, clear direction, notice taken of their views and setting SMART goals. From Team: Employees expected team bonding/socialisation, fairness of system for deciding duties and opportunities to influence decision. The response for many of the items on this satisfaction index can be influenced by changing management behaviour (i.e. upward appraisal approach Jones, 1996 and conducting workshops). The key aspect was to develop management/organisation behaviour which was linked to effectiveness. LBG provided workshops for senior managers on process skills and their application in developing staff, input of ideas for quality improvement, vision building team problem solving. These workshops were then cascaded down to lower managers and then all employees. As a result of these workshops many new processes were put in place (e.g. People Voice Going for Gold), most of them for solving the problems associated with change. The effect of this was then monitored on employee satisfaction through quarterly surveys. The results from survey were compared with high average scores to those which had lower scores for effectiveness. LBG improved communication to ensure colleagues are kept up to date on the integration programme and other projects within organisation. Managers held daily team huddles to provide information on the current changes within organisation, suggestion boxes were placed in each teams for employees to have their say. The feedback from employees/managers implemented change into infrastructure that provided small pods for meetings, group discussions and appraisals within group areas to give managers and staff more privacy. Meeting rooms were designed with new technology for managers to present clients/customers with product information building relationship. Relaxing areas were introduced for staff and managers with facilities like TV, Xbox, reading rooms message chairs for time out from b usy working environment. Executive managers hold quarterly meeting with teams, using the sessions to provide update on organisation, also expectations reflections on teams followed by QA sessions for colleagues to put forward their views on current issues. These sessions provide management team with useful feedback from the business and enables them to take action accordingly as to what colleagues want to make organisation a great place to work. The result of which provided employees to socialise with other teams and learn their processes/ways of working, it also provided teams to have quarterly business lunch to enable better bonding between teams. This change implemented a People voice team which would now collect data from staff members and understand their requirements or any achievements that were made by them. The Intranet published stories about staff members providing excellent customer service and feedbacks from customers to make colleagues feel as one team. Rewards were offered to staff members providing excellent service or the best recommendations made, this helped to manage changes/improve things in working environment. Staff suggestions helped LBG to implement these strategies and help them to boost motivation, efficiency performance and as a result it had the highest level of sigma scores for IFA satisfaction in October 2010.The overall effect was staff innovation, working as one team increased loyalty of staff towards organisation. [Lloyds Banking Group Internal Database] Conclusion The management development programme demands a lot of commitment and desire to participate in learning process. This requires an evaluation of the situation and thus formulating the appropriate strategy or plan for effective development to work in any given organisation. The techniques used for development in the above case study have effectively achieved the strategic goals of the organisations thus proving to be successful. Provision of the facts or the realisation of short comings could not improve the situations in this case; some sort of strategy was required to be implemented to effect all these changes. The timely implementation of these development learning plans implemented across all levels in LBG lead to better customer relations, improved team bonding and achieving target objectives of the organisation.

Youth Justice Policy in Britain (1945-1981) †from Punishment to Welfare

Introduction The discussion of the youth justice policy in Britain has re-gained importance in the aftermath of the August 2011 riots, which spread across London and other major cities in the country. Think tank analysts and policy experts argued, that the youths which allegedly took part in the riots, were disillusioned and de-motivated young people from broken homes (Politics UK, 2011). The deep societal problem behind youth engagement in the London riots raised the question about the efficacy of the youth justice system in Britain, and debates about its institutional reform permeated the political discourse. After the gruesome murder of James Bulger in 1993 by two ten-year old boys the public and policy-makers became convinced, that only a general policy reform of the youth justice system is not sufficient. Rather a reform of specific sectors such as the ones dealing with anti-social behaviour and gang crime was much more urgent (Guardian, 2011). The purpose of this short essay is to critically review the different phases in the development of the youth justice system from the 1940s to 1981. Based on the conclusions, in the final section recommendations for policy reform will be made. Research question The purpose of this essay is to critically approach the different stages in the evolution of the youth justice policy in Britain. Based on this observation, the paper will provide an assessment of how the system has evolved and what the main trends in its transformation are. For clarity the author has decided to separate the observations in the following stages – from punishment to welfare, young offenders enter the community, and the strengthening of the Intermediate Treatment. Each one of them will be critically analysed in the following sections. The youth justice system in Britain: a review Before we proceed with the examination of the main developments in the youth justice system in the set period, it is important to provide a brief overview of the main components and structures of this system. Similarly to other types of youth justice systems, the British one inclines towards prevention, rather then retribution (Bottoms & Dignan, 2004). Bottoms and Dignan (2004) refer to the British youth justice system as a correctionalist and committed to the prevention of committing offences. The idea of the correctionalist system implies stronger intervention on behalf of the state, as opposed to earlier views such as letting young offenders grow out of the crime. This characteristic trend, experts argue, reflects a much more complex and multi-level approach to dealing with youth crime, involving different elements such as parents and agency teams. The trend has been accompanied with an intensive institutional reform, such as the introduction of the semi-independent body of the Youth Justice Board with the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act (Community Care, 2010). In the years to follow, there has been a trend for the unification of all activities related with youth justice under the umbrella of a single department – the Ministry of Justice, in order to create accountability and higher levels of responsibility in one of the most important and problematic policy areas in Britain. The 1940s – from punishment to welfare It is now clear that society’s views on crime change over time and are susceptible to historical and social conditions. The youth justice system in Britain is an example of the transformation of the concepts of crime and offender in social and political terms. Therefore the way young criminals have been treated by the criminal justice system has been a subject of reform throughout the years. In the late 1930s and early 1940s, perhaps one of the most important developments in the youth justice system is that a line between children and adult offenders was finally drawn. For the first time in the early 30s and 40s, the courts were obliged to consider the welfare of the child (Thorpe et. al, 1980). This marked a significant transformation of the whole justice system, because it determined a different role of the courts, related not only with taking punitive action, but also correction and care for the young offenders. It is now clear that the transformation from punishment to welfare has been later underpinned in another important document – the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (Youth Justice Board, 2008). As the later stages of the British youth justice system demonstrate, the latter has always been responsive to the developments, taking place in the field of human rights at any particular time. The 1960s – young offenders and the community The trend towards welferism which started in the early 1930s continued in the next several decades, and had its peak in the 1960s, when a special legislation, concerned with the social integration and correction of the young offenders was passed (Youth Justice Board, 2008: Thorpe et. al, 1980). In 1969 the Labour government passed a legislation to introduce a revised youth justice system, based on welfare principles and reformation of criminals (Thorpe et. al, 1980). The 1969 Children and Young Persons Act emphasized the role of the community as the environment, which would play a major role in the social integration of those who committed offences. The act also established the so-called â€Å"halfway house† which was the middle way between being subject to a Supervision Order (which requires minimum contact between supervisor and young person) and being taken into care (Youth Justice Board, 2008; Children and Young Persons Act, 1969). This new establishment came to be defined as Intermediate Treatment (IT) and according to some observers was the foundation of the modern youth justice system. Another intended development of this period, which however, did not come to fruition, was the attempt to increase the age of criminal responsibility from 10 to 14 years. Prior to the 1969 Act, the criminal responsibility age was only 8 years (Thorpe, et.al, 1980). The developments which took place between the 1940s and the late 1960s are a result of the rise of the welfare state in Britain and the rest of Europe. A major historical and sociological trend, the rise of the welfare state, which affected almost all policy sectors, was provoked by the advent of capitalism and consumerism, which according to social historians, exacerbated the class divisions in British society (Greenaway et. al, 1992). The youth justice system was no exception of this trend, and the establishments of the 1969 Act were a signifier of the fusion between community and policy. Youth crime was no longer a detached criminal activity for which only courts had responsibility – in the late 1960s it became a priority for the whole of the British society. The 1970s and 1980s – the strengthening of the Intermediate Treatment This decade was marked by persistence in the community-based treatment of young offenders. The role of community remained strong, and some judicial changes, such as the inclusion of â€Å"specified activities† in the Intermediate Treatment occurred. These were used to persuade magistrates to use communal sentences, instead of custodial sentences (Youth Justice Board, 2008). In this sense, the young offenders were made to participate in the welfare of the community as part of their correction process. In the light of these developments, it is interesting to notice that the connection between the community and young offenders remained twofold – young offenders were still treated as part of society, despite their violations. At the same time they were expected to contribute to its development. In its turn, society was to participate in their rehabilitation and integration in the post-offence stage. This is an important characteristics of the British youth justice system, because it reveals two things – that there is no positive connection between decreased custody and the level of youth offences, and that the British society took a middle stance between two types of justice – restorative justice, focusing on repairing the harms, resulting from the offence, and retributive justice, which relates to facing the consequences of the punishm ent imposed. This middle stance was about to change in the 1990s, when the cruel murder of two-year old James Bulger by two ten-year old boys was to push back the youth justice system towards punitive actions. Conclusion and recommendations This essay has attempted to critically examine the main stages in the development of the British youth system between 1945 and 1981. Two major developments have been discussed – the transition towards welferism and the steps towards correction, rather than punishment and custodial action. The role of the society has remained significant, and despite the developments of the early 1990s, the re-integration of young offenders has remained on the agenda. After the murder of James Bulger in 1993, public attention was once more shifted towards the reform of the youth justice system, and more specifically against the prevention of offending and re-offending, rather than mending the consequences of it. Therefore it is important that government efforts targeted towards bringing all the institutions involved in the British youth system under a coordinated scheme of action. Different units such as social workers, community volunteers, the police and those involved in education are to work together through enhanced dialogue. This means that the sectoralism in the criminal justice system needs to be reduced, and replaced with harmonization of efforts of different actors on all levels. This would ensure a holistic, rather than sectionalized approach to solving issues, related with youth crime in Britain. Bibliography: Bottoms, A. & Dignan, J. (2004) â€Å"Youth Justice in Great Britain†, Crime and Justice, Vol. 31 Children and Young Persons Act (1969), 22 October, The National Archives, Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1969/54 Retrieved 03.03.2012 Community Care (2010) â€Å"Ministry of Justice to take control of Youth Justice Board†, 20th May, Thursday, Available at: http://www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/20/05/2010/114543/ministry-of-justice-to-take-control-of-youth-justice-board.htm Retrieved 03.03.2012 Greenaway, J.R., Smith, S. & Street, J. (1992) Deciding Factors in British Politics, London: Routledge ch. 2 pp. 29-39, ch 3. Guardian (2011) â€Å"What next for youth policy†?, August, 25, Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/public-leaders-network/blog/2011/aug/25/tony-blair-youth-policy-intervention-reform Retrieved 03.03.2012 Politics UK (2011) â€Å"Comment: What is causing the riots in London?, Nick Cowen, Monday, 8th of August, Available at: http://www.politics.co.uk/comment-analysis/2011/08/08/comment-what-is-causing-the-riots-in-london Retrieved 03.03.2012 Thorpe, D.H, Smith, D., Green, C.J, & Paley, J.H (1980) Out of Care: The Community Support of Juvenile Offenders Allen and Unwin Youth Justice Board (2008) â€Å"A Brief History of the Youth Justice System†, Available at: http://labspace.open.ac.uk/file.php/5193/YJ_k523_1/sco.htm Retrieved 03.03.2012

Effect of Social Media Addiction Essay

In recent years social media has become an important asset of student’s life. Teenagers satisfy themselves by using social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, Myspace and many more. Their life now depends on social media to interact with each other. Therefore, it becomes a basic need for them. Social media typically involve interactions of people through social networks and blogs. Social media is defined as a platform that helps a user to connect with other users through simple internet access. Consequently, social media have been upgrading day by day. As a result, more teenagers get indulge on social media for their intercourse. Some people argue that advancement of social media threatens the life of teenagers because they are addicted towards social media. However, others believe that it enhances the scope of teenagers towards education and culture. The new generation is the electronically addicted generation. Due to this addiction teenagers face many effects in their lives. This report aims at the different effects caused by social media on teenagers. Moreover to what extend social networking sites effects teenagers on their school success, relationship status, social life. This report also focuses on solutions of the given effects. Social media is a complex network in which people design their own profile and become users. After that, enlist other users in the profile and then interact socially in a virtual world of social media and exchange information in a close network. Advancement in the technology alters the learning technique of teenagers. They reside in a world of technology as a result, get technological capability prematurely. Moreover, this capability is very significant in their academic results (Prensky, 2001). It is carried out that teenagers operate these social sites for doing pleasure activities rather than for academic success (Luckin et al, 2009, p. 87-104). Specific investigator bring into light that high school student operates these media only to strong their social dominance over the other users (Ellison et al. 2007, p. 1143-1168). Teenager’s are easily amused by social media due to its advancement. Nowadays, facebook is the most popular social site among teenagers. Hindustan times (2012) reveal that â€Å"India crossed the 100 million internet user’s† (p. 7). Moreover HT surveys exposed that 24% of respondent used social media on a daily basis and 52% say they have more than two profiles on different social media. It is estimated that 73% of teenagers prefer to interact on facebook, 48% rely on Myspace and Linkedin have a usage of 14% (Lehhart et al. ,2010 , p.25). There is a steep rise in the usage of social networking sites by youngsters. However, a survey was conducted named as â€Å"parent and teen† survey and 935 individuals participated in it in America it depicts that in 2006, 55% of the teenagers were the daily users of social media (The Nielsen Company, 2009). Furthermore, usage of social media incremented by 30% from year 2006 to 2007 (The Nielsen Company, 2010). Observati ons conclude that the main purpose to use these social media were to remain in contact and to make an influence on the social network frequently visiting it. Social media is very conductive to spread information about the calamities situation around the world. As a result, teenagers get aware of the world around them. In contrast, of having positive effects some researchers also revealed the negative and addictive influence of social media on teenagers wellness. In addition, they start living in the virtual world of social media. Moreover, their physical contact with other people decreases to a great extend. However, some teenagers are so addicted to social media that they start describing their daily activities on social sites. If they don’t check their profiles at regular intervals,they get a sensation of despondent, aggressiveness and separation. Moreover, when addiction hinders the academic path of teenagers, then social networking sites become important instead of education, family, peer attraction and recreational activities. When tension builds to perform well in the exams, the earlier thing that is affected by the social me dia network is educational approach. Many users prefer to interact over facebook only to avoid real societies and  problems. Further investigation brought into light that whether addiction to social media like facebook is a threat to higher education. Kandell (1998) stated that college students are at a verge of developing social addiction towards facebook. In additional survey by Sharifal et al (2011) on 380 female Malaysian university students state that these participants are influenced by facebook and considered to be addicts. Social networking sites have the ability to use productively in educational purposes by students (Greenhow, 2009, p. 42-47). Particularly, it depends on the teenagers to what extend they will use social media as their advantage. Sugar (2013) concludes that initially there were two networking sites set up for social media purposes, these were â€Å"sixdegree.com† in 1997 and â€Å"classmate.com†. However, it gives Different identity to different users. Through social media users feel like connected they can share and evaluate thing with one and another. At the most basic level social networking sites build up the strength to make friendship. Moreover, the teenager may feel good in different environments like in college, school. Also, they feel like responsible. It also reveals that using media enhances the efficiency of students towards academic studies. The main focus is how a user uses social media to his advantage. Furthermore, teenagers can remain in contact with the family members. Despite of these advantages only achieved by taking conception that many teenagers use social media in a good way. Social media have many advantages in this contemporary world of teenagers. They learn how to take initiatives in making friends.. The scope of their knowledge increases drastically. However, Interacting socially open the gaze of the many valuable things like knowledge about learning, culture views. Social media networking sites are not just the mere source of entertainment. Teenager’s must use it as a source of information to accelerate their knowledge. After that, pursue good grades in academic studies. Teenager’s elevate their personalities using social networking media. Social media have many negative impacts on user’s. However, teenager’s must take social media as an open test in which they can multiply their social skills. It acts as a medium for communication between peers, relatives. User’s gain experience. Moreover teenager can attain technology excellence in their early while  operating these media. As a result, they will mold themselves according to the change in the technology. Moreover, they will get knowledge of the information and technology. Universities, colleges and even some public organisation use social sites to interact with the people. However a positive approach must be set towards social media. User’s try to express themselves truly sometimes on social networking sites. As a result, they learn how to take initiatives in order to make friends. Learn to know about different societies and culture. Teenager’s must adopt the positive aspect of social media. So that they can have a personal advantage in the nearby future. It has many aspects according to the users view. Teenagers must use the social media in a timely manner not in a excessive. They should start preparing their daily schedules on social networking usage. The decision to get addicted or to get promoted by social media depends on the user. So users must use social networking sites for benefits rather than for their destructiveness. Teenagers must use it in a timely manner. Should check performance of their academic session regularly as it is affected by social media or not. They must give to every physical activity. This report aims at the positive and negative effects of social media. Addiction to social media is very harmful. In collaboration, this report shows the usage of social networking among university students in America, India and Malaysia. Moreover, it describes the social media usage pattern among teenagers. For further instant different effects have been listed due to social media and networking addiction. However, with negative, positive effects have also impacted the life of teenagers. Social media are very beneficial and dangerous for teenagers. These media is not just to spend time or get addicted to it. The main theme of social media is to get connected to the world. When addiction starts then the productivity of teenagers decrease to a minimum extend. One more result also come out it is not practically prove that social media addiction affects the life of teenagers. Effects of social media hinder the path of success for teenagers. University students are likely to be get addic ted by social use because of their influencing atmosphere. References see more:does social media cause isolation Salgur, S. A. (2013). THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL NETWORKING ON TEENAGERS’ SCHOOL SUCCESS. Euromentor Journal, 4(3), 35-46. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1462851084?accountid=10344 Zaremohzzabieh, Z., Samah, B. A., Omar, S. Z., Bolong, J., & Kamarudin, N. A. (2014). Addictive facebook use among university students. Asian Social Science, 10(6), 107-116. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1512349385?accountid=10344 Brown, J. D., & Bobkowski, P. S. (2011). Older and Newer Media: Patterns of Use and Effects on Adolescents’ Health and Well-Being. Journal Of Research On Adolescence (Wiley-Blackwell), 21(1), 95-113. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00717.x Park, N., Hwang, Y., & Huh, E. (2010). Exploring Problematic Mobile Phone Use: Relationships Between Adolescents’ Characteristics and Mobile Phone Addiction. Conference Papers — International Communication Association, 1 Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2008). Adolescents’ Exposure to Sexually Explicit Internet Material and Sexual Preoccupancy: A Three-Wave Panel Study. Media Psychology, 11(2), 207-234. doi:10.1080/15213260801994238 Fioravanti, G., Dà ¨ttore, D., & Casale, S. ( 2012). Adolescent Internet Addiction: Testing the Association Between Self-Esteem, the Perception of Internet Attributes, and Preference for Online Social Interactions. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking,15(6), 318-323. doi:10.1089/cyber.2011.0358 Sharma, V., Aymen, Dona, Nahida, Sabeeha, Yonten, & Rabia. (2013). A study to assess the pattern of use and the effect of online social networking on student nurses in a selected college of nursing in Delhi. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing,2(2), 63-67. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1503129451?accountid=10344 Leung, L., & Lee, P. N. (2012). The influences of information literacy, internet addiction and parenting styles on internet risks. New Media & Society, 14(1), 117-136. doi:10.1177/1461444811410406 SOFIAH SZ, ,SHARIFAH, ZOBIDAH OMAR, ,SITI, BOLONG, J., & NIZAM OSMAN, ,MOHD. (2011). FACEBOOK ADDICTION AMONG FEMALE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS. Revista De Administratie Publica Si Politici Sociale, III(7), 95-n/a. 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